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Roger B. Taney
Roger Brooke Taney (; March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the eleventh United States Attorney General. He is most remembered for delivering the infamous majority opinion in ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' (1857), that ruled, among other things, that African-Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and, whether free or slave, could not be considered citizens of the United States, which created an uproar among abolitionists and the free states of the northern U.S.
Taney was a Jacksonian Democrat when he became Chief Justice. Taney was a believer in states' rights but also the Union, a slaveholder who manumitted his slaves.〔McNeal, J., ("Roger Brooke Taney" ), ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from ''New Advent''.〕 From Prince Frederick, Maryland, he had practiced law and politics simultaneously and succeeded in both. After abandoning the Federalist Party as a losing cause, he rose to the top of the state's Jacksonian machine. As U.S. Attorney General (1831–1833) and then Secretary of the Treasury (1833–1834), Taney became one of Andrew Jackson's closest advisers, assisting Jackson in his populist crusade against the powerful Bank of the United States.
In ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'', an African-American slave named Dred Scott had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom based on his having been brought by his masters to live in free territories. The Taney Court ruled that persons of African descent could not be, nor were ever intended to be, citizens under the U.S. Constitution, and thus the plaintiff (Scott) was without legal standing to file a suit. The framers of the Constitution, Taney famously wrote, believed that blacks "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it."〔(PBS: Dred Scott case )〕 The court also declared the Missouri Compromise (1820) unconstitutional, thus permitting slavery in all of the country's territories. Taney died during the final months of the American Civil War on the same day that his home state of Maryland abolished slavery.
==Early life and career==
Taney was born on March 17, 1777 in Calvert County, Maryland, the son of Monica (Brooke) and Michael Taney.〔http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14442c.htm〕 He was the second son, and the third of seven children (four sons and three daughters) born to a slaveholding family of tobacco planters in Calvert County, Maryland. He received a rudimentary education from a series of private tutors. After instructing him for a year, his last tutor, David English, recommended that Taney was ready for college.〔Tyler, Samuel, ''Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, LLD'', p. 35, 1872〕 At the age of 15 he entered Dickinson College in Pennsylvania, graduating with honors in 1795.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/t/ed_taneyR.htm )〕 As a younger son with no prospect of inheriting the family plantation, Taney chose the profession of law. He read law and in 1799 was admitted to the bar. He quickly distinguished himself as one of Maryland's most promising young lawyers.
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